Israel And Palestinian Heritage Destruction

Last month, Palestinian Minister of Tourism and Antiquities Hani Al-Hayek warned that during its 2023-2025 war on Gaza Israel damaged or destroyed more than 316 archaeological sites in Gaza and the West Bank. While most were from the Mamluk and Ottoman eras, others were from the early Islamic centuries and the Byzantine period. He argued that Israel is conducting “systematic targeting” of Palestinian historical sites as part of its long-term strategy of colonising and annexing the West Bank.

While the current right-wing Israeli government flatly rejects withdrawal from Palestinian territories conquered 58 years ago, the Arab world and the international community argue that regional peace depends on the establishment of a Palestinian state in the West Bank, East Jerusalem and Gaza. This means that Palestinians should be in charge of archaeological remains in these territories.

Hayek was prompted to speak out after archaeologists protected by Israeli troops raided a Byzantine era site near Ramallah and stole five columns. Israel claimed Palestinians had built a structure in the centre of the site, damaging the archaeological remains.

Both Israelis and Palestinians claim a second site, Sebastia, near Nablus in the northern West Bank belongs to their cultural heritage, although it has been ignored and unexcavated for decades. Israel holds the archaeological park, which is in Area C under full Israeli control, while the Palestinian town of Sebastia is in Area B, under joint Israeli and Palestinian Authority security control but Palestinian administration.

Israel has begun to expropriate 1,800 dunams of land for the “preservation and development” of Sebastia which has been settled from the Iron Age (1200-586 BC) through modern times. The site contains layers of history reaching back nearly 3en,000 years and contains Iron Age dwellings, walls, and a palace which exist alongside remnants from Roman times.

Sebastia was the capital of the northern Israeli Kingdom during the first half of the 10th century BC. Conquered by the Assyrians in 720 BC, Sebastia became an administrative centre under the Assyrians, Babylonians, Persians, and Romans, Muslim Arabs and Ottomans.

The site and the modern village of Sebastia – which has about 3,200 Palestinian inhabitants – have been declared a World Heritage Site by UNESCO as the town is the location of Roman royal tombs, a Roman amphitheatre, medieval buildings, and a historic mosque built within a Christian church.

As the Israeli expropriation order covers the archaeological site and Palestinian olive plantations, Palestinian landowners were given two weeks to file legal objections to the seizure and their expulsion. This is the largest antiquities-related West Bank expropriation order issued by Israel since the 1967 occupation. While international law prohibits occupiers from carrying out excavations in areas they control, Israel has ignored this as well as most other laws governing occupations. In May 2023, Israel allocated $9.2 million for Sebastia.

The Israeli Peace Now movement declared: “Israel continues to harm Palestinian rights, expropriating thousands of dunams in violation of international law and settling the northern West Bank, an area with only a few thousand settlers compared with more than a million Palestinians.” The movement warned, “Israeli greed harms not only the landowners, but also the prospect of a peaceful solution that upholds the rights and heritage of both peoples.”

Emek Shaveh, an Israeli anti-occupation group founded by archaeologists, and Yesh Din, an Israel rights movement, issued a joint report in 2018 which stated, “Since 1967, Israel has endeavoured to appropriate the archaeological assets of the West Bank, based on the view that the Jewish heritage of places and antiquities testifies to a bond between the antiquities and the state of Israel, and constitutes a justification for deepening its control over ancient sites. This perception underlies every aspect of Israel’s archaeological practices in the West Bank.

“Israel’s control enables the physical exclusion of Palestinians from the sites and ancient finds through various means, ultimately weakening their connection to their heritage. It also enables Israel to shape the historical narrative of the sites by highlighting and glorifying their significance for the Jewish people and downplaying the role of other peoples and cultures who also had a part in the history of the region…

“Under the guise of concern for heritage, the government is investing tens of millions ..in turning heritage sites into weapons of dispossession and annexation.” The group added, “The intention to expropriate private land is anything but preservation; its purpose is to establish a tourism settlement that will detach Sebastia’s heritage from the [Palestinian] town and Judaize the area through the tourists who visit the site.”

Israel has weaponised archaeology to assert the legitimacy of its take-over of the land between the Mediterranean and the Jordan River. While striving to discover, develop and preserve Jewish archaeological remains in Palestine, Israel neglects or even harms non-Jewish or Palestinian heritage at the expense of Palestinians.

Meanwhile, Palestinian Archaeologists are trying to restore damaged sites. They have begun work on the Qasr al-Basha museum, a Mamluk-era palace located on a UNESCO heritage site dating back to 800 BC. After destroying 70 per cent of the museum by bombardment, Israeli troops occupying the site looted 20,000 ancient and medieval artifacts stored there.

UNESCO has reported damage to the Saint Hilarion Monastery, one of the oldest Christian heritage sites in the region, and the 7th century Omari Mosque, Gaza’s main place of Muslim worship. Due to the Israeli blockade on building material restorers have been compelled to scrabble in the ruins of these buildings for material for restoration.

In August, Israel appropriated 63 Palestinian West Bank archaeological sites, 59 in Nablus governate, three in Ramallah governorate, and one in Salfit governorate. Sixty-three were declared “Israeli historical and archaeological sites,” excluding Palestinian ownership. In total, Israel has taken over 2,400 out of the 6,000 Palestinian sites in the West Bank. This process can endanger the study of archaeology and history in this area if archaeologists involved are political motivated and preserve only what suits them while wiping out layers of remnants above and below layers, they explore. Meanwhile, Israeli archaeological organisations and personalities indulge in bitter competition with each other.

This article is written by Michael Jansen for the Jordan Times.

CrossFireArabia

CrossFireArabia

Dr. Marwan Asmar holds a PhD from Leeds University and is a freelance writer specializing on the Middle East. He has worked as a journalist since the early 1990s in Jordan and the Gulf countries, and been widely published, including at Albawaba, Gulf News, Al Ghad, World Press Review and others.

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Beyond Extermination: Zionist Strategy to End Palestinians

By Nawaf Al-Zaru

In light of what is happening in Gaza — a Zionist war of extermination of complete destruction and annihilation of entire neighborhoods and demolition of homes on the heads of its people in the many cities, towns, and villages of the Strip, amounting to a policy of ethnic cleansing — coupled with the revealed plans to displace and resettle them, and in light of the silent, genocidal war of uprooting in the West Bank, it is to be asserted this war is but another stage in the Zionist terror campaign against Palestinian existence and civilization.

Our people have faced more than 77 years of policies of ethnic cleansing and open Zionist war crimes in Palestine, but today the world remains silent, failing to show the same resolve as it does elsewhere, and with lame-duck international institutions like the World Criminal Court failing despite the Israeli atrocities and military incursions in Gaza, Jenin, Nablus, Tulkarm-Nur Shams, Aqabat Jabr camp, Hebron and many other areas.

We have never witnessed such widespread destruction, mass killings, or genocide to children, women, and the elderly. We have never seen entire families burned alive as we have seen in Palestine since the beginning of the Nakba and the establishment of the Zionist entity in 1948.

We have never seen the complete demolition of cities, towns, villages, and neighborhoods, nor the complete erasure of a people’s civilization as is happening in Palestine, and Gaza especially. All these crimes were and continue to be committed in Palestine, broadcast to the eyes of the entire world, yet this world remains unmoved and untouched…!

Here, we will point to documents and testimonies related to the systematic destruction of Palestinian society as we have repeatedly mentioned in previous studies and reiterate here:

That the true, undeclared objectives of the Israeli occupation army is: Total destruction and demolition of Palestinian society.

Let’s set the record straight: What Benjamin Netanyahu and his Zionist war cabinet declared around-the-clock about their war aims — eliminating Hamas’s military capabilities and freeing the hostages (prisoners) — are nothing but false and deceptive objectives for public consumption. Their true, undeclared goals are the genocide of the Palestinian people, especially women and children, complete destruction of infrastructure (leveling everything above ground), and the mass displacement of Palestinians, with the entire Gaza Strip becoming uninhabitable.

An Israeli officer who served in the Gaza Strip revealed that the army’s missions here is almost entirely limited to securing large-scale demolition operations, which is a clear admission of the complete destruction of infrastructure and homes as being one of the war’s main objectives. In its July 18, 2025 edition, the Haaretz newspaper quoted the officer, identified only by his initials as saying: “The soldiers’ families need to understand what’s happening there. The primary, and almost sole, mission of the [Israeli] forces is securing the bulldozers’ demolition operations…”

He explained the operations are carried out under a military designation known as “roof-to- ground,” aiming to systematically destroy neighborhoods and infrastructure. According to the officer’s testimony, the Israeli army’s operations in the Gaza Strip are based on “massive demolition of homes,” without any precise intelligence about specific targets, repeating “what is happening is simply widespread destruction, carried out according to a pre-planned operational strategy and indicators.”

Meanwhile, Ronen Bergman, military affairs commentator for Yediot Aharonot, confirmed very early in this war “military pressure does not lead to the release of the hostages in Gaza, and the Israeli leadership knows this very well, but it is used as a pretext to continue the genocidal and destructive ground war.” Similarly, in an article by Joshua Frank published in the US Nation Magazine (January 16, 2024) he stated that “for Israel, brutality is the objective of its campaign against Gaza.” He asserted “Israel’s goal in bombing the Gaza Strip is to render it uninhabitable by the end of its relentless military campaign.”

So as not to confuse people about the true Zionist objectives behind this genocidal war, and to follow events with a strategic reading of the developments on the ground and the current and potential political agendas, he pointed to Israeli writer Yuval Abraham who documented the Israeli war plan objectives. He explained: According to sources who spoke to the joint research team, the targets in Gaza bombed by Israeli aircraft can be divided broadly into four categories:

The first category includes what are known as “tactical targets,” of standard military targets such as armed military cells, weapons depots, ground- and anti-tank missile launchers, launch pits, mortar positions, military headquarters, observation posts, and so on.

The second category refers to “underground targets,” primarily tunnels dug by Hamas under neighborhoods and under civilian homes. Air strikes on these targets can lead to the collapse of houses above or near the tunnels.

The third category of targets— most important and dangerous— are the “targets of force” including high-rise buildings and residential towers in city centers, and public buildings such as universities, banks, and government offices. The aim behind the deliberate bombing and destruction of such targets is to force the Palestinian community to emigrate.

The final category consists of “family homes.” The stated purpose of these attacks is to destroy private residences in order to assassinate a resident suspected of being an activist in Hamas or Islamic Jihad. However, Palestinian testimonies from the current war confirm that none of the families killed included any activists from these organizations.

The Israeli army, as demonstrated around-the-clock in Gaza and Lebanon, gives special attention to the third and fourth categories that are regarded as the true major strategic objectives and mean the complete annihilation of everything Palestinian on the land of the Gaza Strip.

Netanyahu’s strategy is to destroy Palestinian society in Gaza and force its population to leave

The defeat of 7 October, 2023, prompted Netanyahu to make the most important decision of his political career: To destroy and displace Palestinian society in Gaza as punishment for what happened in the settlements surrounding Gaza, just as the first Nakba is narrated in the Israeli narrative as punishment for the Palestinians for rejecting the partition plan and attacking Jewish society. Implementation is hesitant and statements are confusing, but actions are clear: “The government is rushing towards the annihilation of Gaza,” as Minister of Heritage Amichai Eliyahu states. This is the “complete victory” Netanyahu promised (Aluf Benn, Haaretz on 31 July, 2025).

Israelis: ‘We are all criminals and part of the genocidal family’

Israeli analyst Michael Sfard confirms the systematic nature of the destruction: “Israel is destroying Gaza now. Call it ethnic cleansing, call it annihilation, you can call it genocide, call it whatever you want. I have no doubt that whoever coined the term genocide, the Polish-Jewish jurist Raphael Lemkin, would have written with tears of shame that the Jewish state is committing genocide in Gaza. It is destroying the place and liquidating the human group that lives there. The physical destruction of Gaza’s space is systematic, house after house, public building after public building, infrastructure after infrastructure… A place that was home to more than a million people has been reduced to rubble. Educational institutions, clinics, shops, water, electricity, and sewage infrastructure, streets and sidewalks, all of it has turned to ash.”

Data calculated based on aerial photographs indicates 70 percent of the buildings in the Gaza Strip were either completely destroyed or damaged beyond repair. This was before Operation Gideon’s “Arava 2” and the fulfillment of the Defense Minister’s promise to the rabbis of “religious Zionism” that “Gaza will be like Beit Hanoun” (Michael Sfard, Haaretz, 29 August, 2025).

Researcher Dr. Walid Mustafa confirmed in his study, “The Mass Destruction of Palestinian Villages,” that “62.6% of all Palestinian villages that existed in Palestine were demolished by the Zionists. If we consider that some districts of Palestine did not fall entirely under enemy control in 1948, we find that the 468 villages destroyed before 1967 constituted 78.4% of the 598 Palestinian villages that fell under Zionist control that year.” The study’s documented tables also state “the number of Palestinian sites…” The number of villages that existed in Palestine according to the 1931 administrative divisions was 755, of which 472 were destroyed during 1948. At that time, they had 52,812 houses, and their population, according to the 1945 census, was 338,428.

In a report by the Israeli writer Zafrir Rinat, published in Haaretz and titled “Where Did the Arab Villages Disappear To?”, he stated: “Historians critical of the Zionist movement, in particular, such as Dr. Ilan Pappe, argue that the disappearance of Palestinian villages from their locations is part of a systematic and programmed policy to erase their existence in order to fabricate a new history that aligns with the Zionist narrative, which claims that the land was empty and was transformed into a green and prosperous land due to the activities of the Keren Kayemeth LeIsrael (KKL), also known as the Jewish National Fund and other similar organizations.” Pappe further states “the history of Palestine is being transferred to the era of the ancient Talmud.”

Another study in recent years by Naga Kedmon (as part of Peace and Development Studies commissioned by the University of Gothenburg in Sweden and directed by Professor Oren Yiftachel of Ben-Gurion University) found that “the Keren Kayemet forests, which include 86 Palestinian villages, are referred to as ‘Moroccan.’ While most sites have directional signs, only 15 percent mention the Arab village at the site, and the majority of texts in brochures, newspapers, and advertisements do not mention the names of the Palestinian villages at all, nor do they acknowledge their Arab identity.”

In this context, the Israeli newspaper Haaretz exclusively revealed a “premeditated campaign to demolish mosques.” Its correspondent, Meron Rapaport, noted “Israel demolished at least 120 mosques in the Palestinian villages it occupied in 1948, in addition to some Christian churches. It even demolished several synagogues…during this campaign.” He explained “this demolition, often carried out with dynamite, was intended to eliminate any Arab presence in the country and to preserve only what remained of Jewish heritage, erasing any Arab trace. It was as if the Israelis wanted to say this land belonged only to the Jews, and that there was no Arab presence in it.”

In his extensive report, which draws on a recently published book in London by Israeli archaeologist Raz Kletter, Rapaport adds he “was not surprised by what the Israelis did to the Palestinians at that time in terms of displacement and destruction, because if the Arabs had been victorious, they would not have done anything different.”

Rapaport quotes from Kletter’s book: “What happened was the radical destruction of cities and villages, the destruction of an entire civilization, with its present and its past, and of landmarks of life spanning 3,000 years, even the remaining synagogues in the demolished Arab neighborhoods, mosaics, and fortresses. Had it not been for some fanatics on this subject, like Yehoshua Heschel Yevin and others, they would have wiped everything off the face of the earth.” He emphasizes that “the demolition aimed to eliminate the remnants of the Arab presence that disturbed the Israeli leaders.”

Thus, the documents released from the Israeli army archives reveal “since the establishment of the State of Israel in 1948, the Israeli army has worked to erase the traces of Arab villages and towns whose inhabitants were displaced and wiped off the map. It also carried out campaigns to blow up mosques and shrines on the orders of the then-commander of the Southern Front, Moshe Dayan, who, according to the Israeli historian, transformed Palestine into a devastated desert to obliterate the existing Arab civilization and establish Israel upon it.”

If we add to this to the myriad of Israeli, Palestinian, and British documents, it can be confirmed the policy of the comprehensive demolition of Palestinian cities and villages, and the policy of the mass expulsion of the Palestinian people, were considered fundamental pillars of the Zionist movement and the State of Israel.

This policy was considered one of the most closely guarded secrets in Israel, as Professor Israel Shahak confirms: “Before 1948, within the territory that became the State of Israel, this matter was one of the most closely guarded secrets in Israeli life. There is no publication, book, or pamphlet that discusses their number or locations. This is intentional, so that the accepted official myth of an empty land would be readily disseminated in Israeli schools and told to visitors and tourists.”

Therefore, we say that perhaps the Hebrew/Zionist documents and testimonies related to the Nakba and ethnic cleansing and the total destruction of Palestine at the hands of Zionist organizations and the Zionist state, which are being revealed gradually over widely-spaced periods, are among the most important documents that can condemn the generals of those organizations and the Zionist state for committing premeditated war crimes, and even bring them before the International Criminal Court, if the world is serious about that.

Perhaps the data of the current Palestinian scene, where the occupying state is committing a total holocaust against our people in Gaza, constitutes a blatant indictment against Zionist crimes that necessitates bringing the politicians and generals of the Israeli occupation state before the International Criminal Court without any hesitation if the world were serious…

This article by Nawaf Al Zaru was published on the Arabic Rai Al Youm website and reproduced on crossfirearabia.com. Mr Al Zaro lives in Amman, Jordan and is well-known for his extensive research on Palestinian affairs and the Israeli occupation of the West Bank and the Gaza Strip. He has published many books and frequently contributes to Jordanian and Arab newspapers.

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Trump, Netanyahu Rift Hits Rock Bottom: View From Amman

By Saleem Ayoub Quna

The Epic Fury Operation launched by the US against Iran in February 2026, will go down in modern history as the first open military conflict, where a superpower like the United States, has willingly and openly played the role of a war-proxy, on behalf of its smaller ally, Israel.

The difference of attitude between the two close allies, US and Israel, in relation to what they perceived as Iran’s threat, imminent or potential, was a key factor behind the gradual crumbling of the American-Israeli coordinated military and intelligence efforts, to bring down the regime in Tehran.


Israel under Benjamin Netanyahu’s extreme right-wing government, kept saying Iran posed an imminent existential threat to Israel, and therefore it must be brought down by force. While the US position was constrained by its previous international commitments on the issue of Iran’s nuclear ambitions, as stipulated in the 2015 Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (JCPOA), signed between Iran and the P5+1 powers, during the administration of President Obama.


Since that moment Netanyahu kept vigorously urging, more likely lecturing the US and the West, on the dangers of the JCOPA agreement. When Donald Trump was elected President in 2017, things took an important and completely different turn. In the following year, he took the United States out of that internationally-backed deal as he had promised to do during his election campaign. He also kept his promises of moving the US Embassy to Occupied Jerusalem and recognize the occupied Syrian Golan Heights as part of Israel.


These symbolic and important gestures, whetted Netanyahu’s appetite for more American concessions to Israeli demands.


Netanyahu’s golden opportunity came when Trump was re-elected to his second term in 2023, the same year when Hamas launched its massive assault on the Israeli settlements in the so-called “Gaza enevlope”. Other militias connected and supported by Iran, including the Houthis in north Yemen, Hezbollah in south Lebanon, Syria under the previous regime and Shia factions in Iraq coordinated their efforts to stand by Hamas during that long and unprecedented confrontation with Israel.

For its part, Iran did not shy from making it clear that it helped create this “chain” of resistance factions to encircle Israel from three directions.

The second turning magical point in the US position on the issue of direct military intervention against Iran came about when Israel succeeded in serving Hezbollah, the severest military blow ever, in the pagers’ operation and the subsequent assassination of Hezbollah’s top leaders, including its charismatic Secretary-General Hassan Nasrallah on Sept 27, 2024.


Trump was very impressed with all of that Israeli action and Netanyahu gave himself the full credit for this unexpected success.


Accordingly, Netanyahu’s plan to Trump was simple. Based on the Israeli accumulated intelligence and expertise on the Iranian internal scene and emulating its operation against Hezbollah leaders in Lebanon, accompanied by massive American air strikes would provide both allies with the best chance to finish the Ayatollahs in Tehran once and for all!


But as events unfolded, all of Netanyahu’s plans, personally and strongly endorsed by Trump and his military aides, suddenly started crumbling, one after the other. His relations with Trump slipped into stages of deterioration by the day and week as the closure of the Hormuz Strait by Iran, started hurting the world economy led by the US.


Here new red lights went on and the phone calls between the two men became more intense and vulgar. Then Trump decided to pass on the torch to his deputy, JD Vance, who seemed comfortable to tell Netanyahu what Trump avoided to do!


Conclusion: It is tricky to switch roles of allies in wars. A smaller entity can always stay safe as long as its leaders know the limits of their power and leverage. When people like Netanyahu think they have more power and clout than they actually have, versus their stronger ally, then irritation starts to brew, especially in the case of Trump who likes to show he is always in the driving seat. It also means that the leadership on the side of stronger partner has some problems of its own!


Whether it is a wrangle, rift, collision, divorce or worse between Trump and Netanyahu, we will not know for certain, until the negotiators in Switzerland close their files and head back home!

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