Mashhad Library: 500 Years of Learning

The Central Library of Astan Quds Razavi in Mashhad, Iran, stands as a beacon of knowledge, offering the world of science a priceless collection of rare and ancient manuscripts.

Speaking to Anadolu, the library’s Director Ebulfazl Hasanabadi said: “The Astan Quds Manuscript Library has a 500-year history.”

Describing the library as Iran’s largest manuscript center, Hasanabadi said: “What sets this place apart from other libraries is that the books are either written here or donated and endowed to this institution. Generations have donated books here.”

Hasanabadi explained that, according to their records, three generations from the same family have donated books to the library.

He said that the library preserves over 90,000 manuscripts and more than 50,000 lithographic works.

Including works from other sections in the complex, the number of manuscripts exceeds 120,000, and the lithographic works surpass 68,000, Hasanabadi noted.

Hasanabadi explained that the library houses works dating from the end of the first century of the Islamic calendar to the Qajar period (until 1925).

Works in library

Hasanabadi highlighted that the library contains thousands of copies, sections, and pages of the Quran, making it one of the largest centers of handwritten Qurans in the world.

Underlining that researchers could access the library’s works through its website, he said: “We have more than 20,000 copies of the Quran and sections from the first century of the Islamic calendar until the end of the Qajar period (1925). Including individual Quran pages, this number exceeds 30,000.”

Hasanabadi also said that the “Senan Mushaf” in their collection dates back to the 40s and 50s of the Islamic calendar and is known as one of the oldest Quran copies in the world.

While introducing another copy of the Quran in the library, Hasanabadi said: “The world’s oldest complete Quran, believed to be from the years 80 to 110 in the Islamic calendar, is attributed to Hazrat Ali, the fourth Rashidun caliph who ruled from 656 CE to 661.”

“It is in good condition. The two-volume manuscript, written in the Hijazi (Kufic) script, includes a donation inscription on the first page. Its printed version (facsimile) will be introduced soon,” Hasanabadi noted.

He also noted the library contains thousands of works on literature, medicine, pharmacy, and similar fields.

“There are manuscripts from poets and scholars such as Ferdowsi, Hakim Nizami Ganjavi, Razi, Hafez, Saadi Shirazi, Ibn Sina, and poets from the Qajar period,” he added.

Hasanabadi further explained that the library holds works not only on Islam, medicine, and literature but also on other religions.

“For instance, we have very valuable resources on Zoroastrianism, such as the Avesta and Kata. Torah and Bible are also preserved here,” he said.

“After examinations, it is likely that the Torah manuscripts are from the 4th century (Islamic calendar) and are considered among the finest copies in the library,” he added.

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Beirut Weeps For a Poet

Lebanon mourns Khatoun Salma, a Lebanese national poet who was killed along with her husband in an Israeli airstrike that targeted their home in the Tallet al-Khayat neighborhood of Beirut Wednesday, 8 April.

Rasha al-Amir, publisher of Dar al-Jadeed, announced that the bodies of Khatoun and her husband were recovered from the rubble, Thursday morning.

Lebanese journalist Maha Salma also mourned her sister Khatoun on her Instagram account, writing: “My dear sister is in God’s care. May God grant me patience in the pain of her loss and the burning of my heart and soul.”

Poet and playwright Yahya Jaber wrote a tribute to Khatoun on Facebook, saying: “Yesterday, the Israeli airstrike cut down a poet with its sharp scissors, a poet of delicate Arabic.” Under the rubble, the conjunction “waw,” the plural “waw,” the feminine plural “nun,” the feminine suffix “ta,” the definite article “al-“: a massacre of language at the hands of language. Jaber attached a picture of the building where Khatoun lived to his post, saying:

“Here is the Khayat Hill building, and here on one of these balconies, we used to stay up late with Khatoun and her husband, Muhammad Karsht, in the late 198s, spinning yarns of laughter and sewing memories. We would recite poetry and remember our city, Tyre, and love Beirut, the capital.”

Lebanese poet Majida Dagher wrote on her Facebook page in mourning for Khatoun: “Under the rubble of her house in Khayat Hill, they found a poet lying among her shattered rhymes. The death of a poet in an airstrike on Beirut makes you feel that war is very, very close. The sound of bones breaking has become louder, and the smell of blood deeper.

Salma fell from the heights of poetry before she could bid farewell to ‘the last inhabitant of the moon.'” She thought Beirut was her tent, Beirut the roof of her poem, where she would hide, “embracing a woman waiting” for the dust to settle. But the dust became the tent of a new Beirut, a Beirut weeping, broken, martyred.

Salma, who studied Arabic literature at the American University of Beirut, published two collections of poetry, “I Embraced a Woman Waiting” in 2009 and “The Last Inhabitants of the Moon” in 2012, both with the Lebanese publishing house Dar Al-Jadeed. She first gained recognition in the 1970s, during her secondary school years, when she won a poetry prize. Later, at the beginning of this century, she became known in cultural circles for her relatively small but distinguished poetic output and her academic pursuits, which included studies in Sufism and Sufi mystics.

She combined profound knowledge with poetic sensitivity. She left her mark on the Lebanese cultural scene with a unique poetic voice, manifested in her literary works that carried the pain of humanity, exile, and memory. With her tragic passing, Lebanon loses a literary and human figure who wrote of the wound in a language that resembled nothing but truth.

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Al Bahri: The Man Who Set Palestinian Theater

He is a playwright and author of 12 plays, nearly 20 novels, and numerous translations. Jamil Habib Afara (al-Bahri) was known as the “Father of Theater.” He was born in 1895 in Haifa and his family name dates back to the mid-18th century, as his ancestor owned a merchant fleet that sailed the Mediterranean between Haifa, Acre, and Tripoli. This is where his family name originated.

He showed early interest in literature and writing. He and his brother, Hanna, were keen to revitalize the literary and intellectual scene in Haifa, establishing the National Library there in 1922. He first published the “Zahrat al-Jamil” (The Beautiful Flower) and later “al-Zahra” (The Flower) which was initially a weekly publication that later became a bi-weekly and continued publication for about nine months after his death in 1931. His last piece was

a journalistic investigation into the execution of the three martyrs: Muhammad Jamjoum, Fuad Hijazi, and Ata al-Zeer, in the city of Acre in 1930. He dedicated his time and his newspaper that day to the souls of these martyrs, leading with: “The terrible hour in Haifa and all of Palestine: Let us commemorate those who gave their lives for the homeland.” A large funeral was held for him, and poems and eulogies were recited and published in the Palestinian press, such as the “Al-Karmel” and “Falastin,” newspapers.

The Department of Culture of the Palestine Liberation Organization posthumously awarded him the Jerusalem Medal for Culture and Arts in 1990, and the Palestinian Ministry of Culture reprinted his first book, “The History of Haifa,” in 2022.

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